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1 contribution
1) (the act of contributing.) contribución2) (something contributed, especially money: Would you like to make a contribution to this charity?) contribución, donativo (dinero), aportación, colaboracióncontribution n contribución / aportacióntr[kɒntrɪ'bjʊːʃən]2 (to newspaper etc) colaboración nombre femeninocontribution [.kɑntrə'bju:ʃən] n: contribución fn.• aportación (Banca) s.f.• aporte s.m.• artículo escrito s.m.• contribución s.f.• tributo s.m.'kɑːntrə'bjuːʃən, ˌkɒntrɪ'bjuːʃəna) c (participation, part played) contribución fto make a contribution to something — hacer* una contribución a algo
b) c u (payment, donation) contribución f; ( to a fund) aportación f, aporte m (esp AmL)[ˌkɒntrɪ'bjuːʃǝn]N (=money) contribución f, aporte m (esp LAm); (to journal) artículo m, colaboración f ; (to discussion) intervención f, aportación f ; [of information etc] aportación f ; (to pension fund) cuota f, cotización f* * *['kɑːntrə'bjuːʃən, ˌkɒntrɪ'bjuːʃən]a) c (participation, part played) contribución fto make a contribution to something — hacer* una contribución a algo
b) c u (payment, donation) contribución f; ( to a fund) aportación f, aporte m (esp AmL) -
2 contribution *** con·tri·bu·tion n
[ˌkɒntrɪ'bjuːʃ(ə)n](money, goods) contributo, offerta, donazione f, (help, assistance) contributo, contribuzione f, (Brit: payment) contributi mpl, (article, story) contributo, collaborazione, (in discussion) interventoEnglish-Italian dictionary > contribution *** con·tri·bu·tion n
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3 contribution to the discussion
n.Diskussionsbeitrag m. -
4 point
A n1 ( tip) (of knife, needle, pencil, tooth) pointe f ; ( of star) branche f ; the knife has a sharp point le couteau a la pointe très acérée ; the pencil has a sharp point le crayon est très bien taillé ; the tree comes to a point at the top l'arbre se termine en pointe ; to threaten sb at knife point menacer qn avec un couteau ;2 ( place) (precise location, position on scale) point m ; ( less specific) endroit m ; boiling point point d'ébullition ; compass point point de la boussole ; assembly point point de rassemblement ; embarkation point lieu m d'embarquement ; the furthest/highest point le point le plus éloigné/le plus élevé ; at the point where the path divides à l'endroit où le chemin bifurque ; the road swings north at this point à cet endroit la route se dirige vers le nord ; point of entry ( into country) point d'arrivée ; ( of bullet into body) point d'impact ; ( into atmosphere) point d'entrée ; point of no return point de non-retour ;3 (extent, degree) point m ; the rope had been strained to breaking point la corde avait été tendue au point qu'elle pouvait se rompre ; his nerves were strained to breaking point il était très tendu ; to be driven to the point of exhaustion être poussé jusqu'à l'épuisement ; I've got to the point where I can't take any more j'en suis arrivé au point où je n'en peux plus ; to push sth to the point of absurdity pousser qch jusqu'à l'absurde ; she was frank to the point of brutality ou of being brutal elle était franche au point d'en être brutale ; to reach a point in sth when… atteindre un stade dans qch où… ; up to a point jusqu'à un certain point ;4 ( moment) ( precise) moment m ; ( stage) stade m ; to be on the point of doing être sur le point de faire ; to be on the point of bankruptcy être au bord de la faillite ; at this point I gave up à ce stade-là j'ai abandonné ; at this point in her career à ce stade-là de sa carrière ; at what point do we cease to feel sorry for him? à quel moment cesse-t-on de le plaindre? ; at some point in the future plus tard ; at one point à un moment donné ; the judge intervened at this point le juge est intervenu à ce moment-là ; it's at this point in the story that c'est à ce stade de l'histoire que ; there comes a point when… il arrive un moment où… ; when it came to the point of deciding quand il a fallu décider ; at this point in time dans l'état actuel des choses ;5 (question, matter, idea) point m ; ( contribution in discussion) remarque f ; to make a point faire une remarque (about sur) ; to make the point that faire remarquer que ; you've made your point, please let me speak vous vous êtes exprimé, laissez-moi parler ; to make a point of doing ( make sure one does) s'efforcer de faire ; (do proudly, insistently) mettre un point d'honneur à faire ; (do obviously, to make a point) faire [qch] de manière visible ; to raise a point about sth soulever la question de qch ; my point was that ce que je voulais dire, c'était que ; to take up ou return to sb's point revenir sur un point soulevé par qn ; this proves my point cela confirme ce que je viens de dire ; are we agreed on this point? sommes-nous d 'accord sur ce point? ; a three/four-point plan un plan en trois/quatre points ; to go through a text point by point examiner un texte point par point ; the point at issue le sujet de la discussion ; that's a good point c'est une remarque judicieuse ; I take your point ( agreeing) je suis d'accord avec vous ; I take your point, but je vois bien où vous voulez en venir, mais ; all right, point taken! très bien, j'en prends note ; good point! très juste! ; you've got a point there vous n'avez pas tort ; in point of fact en fait ; as a point of information pour information ;6 ( central idea) point m essentiel ; the point is that le point essentiel, c'est que ; the point is, another candidate has been selected malheureusement, un autre candidat a été sélectionné ; to come straight to the point aller droit au fait ; he never got to the point il n'est jamais entré dans le vif du sujet ; to keep to ou stick to the point rester dans le sujet ; to miss the point ne pas comprendre ; I missed the point of what she said je n'ai pas compris ce qu'elle a voulu dire ; to the point pertinent ; what she said was short and to the point ce qu'elle a dit était bref et pertinent ; that's beside the point là n'est pas la question ; what you're saying is beside the point ce que vous dites est à côté de la question ; to wander off the point s'écarter du sujet ; to see the point saisir ; to get the point comprendre ; that's not the point il ne s'agit pas de cela ;7 ( purpose) objet m ; what was the point of her visit? quel était l'objet de sa visite? ; the exercise does have a point l'exercice n'est pas gratuit ; what's the point? à quoi bon? ; what's the point of doing…? à quoi bon faire…? ; there's no point in doing ça ne sert à rien de faire ; I see little point in doing, I don't see the point of doing je ne vois pas l'intérêt de faire ;8 (feature, characteristic) point m, côté m ; his good/bad points ses bons/mauvais côtés ; what points do you look for when buying a car? que recherchez-vous lorsque vous achetez une voiture? ; punctuality is not her strong point la ponctualité n'est pas son point fort ; the points of similarity/difference between les points communs/de divergence entre ; it's a point in their favour c'est un point en leur faveur ; it has its points il/elle n'est pas mauvais/-e ;9 Sport, Fin ( in scoring) point m ; to win/to be beaten by 4 points gagner/être battu à 4 points près ; to win on points ( in boxing) remporter une victoire aux points ; the FT 100 was up/down three points Fin l'indice FT 100 a gagné/perdu trois points ; Smurfit gained 4 points Fin les actions Smurfit ont gagné 4 points ; to evaluate sth on a 5-point scale évaluer qch d'après une échelle à 5 degrés ; match/championship point ( in tennis) balle f de match/championnat ;10 ( dot) point m ; ( decimal point) virgule f ; ( diacritic) signe m diacritique ; a point of light un point lumineux ;C vtr1 (aim, direct) to point sth at sb braquer qch sur qn [camera, gun] ; to point one's finger at sb montrer qn du doigt ; to point the finger at sb ( accuser) accuser qn ; just point the camera and press tu n'as qu'à viser avec l'appareil photo et appuyer ; to point sth towards (of car, boat) diriger qch vers ; to point sb in the right direction lit, fig mettre qn dans la bonne direction ;2 ( show) to point the way to lit (person, signpost) indiquer la direction de ; to point sb the way to indiquer à qn la direction de ; the report points the way to a fairer system le rapport ouvre la voie à un syst ème plus équitable ;3 (in ballet, gym) to point one's toes faire des pointes ;4 Constr jointoyer [wall].D vi1 ( indicate) indiquer or montrer (du doigt) ; it's rude to point ce n'est pas poli de montrer du doigt ; she pointed over her shoulder elle a indiqué derrière elle ; she pointed in the direction of elle a indiqué du doigt la direction de ; to point at sb/sth montrer qn/qch du doigt ; he was pointing with his stick at something il indiquait quelque chose de son bâton ; to point to désigner ;2 (be directed, aligned) [signpost, arrow] indiquer ; to point at sb ou in sb's direction [gun, camera] être braqué sur qn ; the needle points north l'aiguille indique le nord ; the gun was pointing straight at me l'arme était braquée sur moi ;3 ( suggest) to point to [evidence, facts] sembler indiquer ; all the evidence points to murder les preuves semblent indiquer qu'il s'agit d'un meurtre ; everything points in that direction tout semble indiquer que c'est ainsi ;4 ( cite) to point to citer ; to point to sth as evidence of success citer qch comme preuve d'une réussite ;5 Comput to point at sth mettre le pointeur sur qch ;6 [dog] se mettre à l'arrêt.■ point out:▶ point out [sth/sb], point [sth/sb] out ( show) montrer (to à) ; can you point him out to me? peux-tu me le montrer? ; to point out where/who montrer l'endroit où/la personne qui ;▶ point out [sth] ( remark on) faire remarquer [fact, discrepancy] ; to point out that faire remarquer que ; as he pointed out comme il l'a fait remarquer.■ point up:▶ point up [sth ] mettre [qch] en avant [contrast, similarity] ; faire ressortir [lack, incompetence]. -
5 put
1 ( place) mettre [object] ; put them here please mettez-les ici s'il vous plaît ; to put sth on/under/around etc mettre qch sur/sous/autour de etc ; to put a stamp on a letter mettre un timbre sur une lettre ; to put a lock on the door/a button on a shirt mettre une serrure sur la porte/un bouton sur une chemise ; to put one's arm around sb mettre son bras autour de qn ; to put one's hands in one's pockets mettre les mains dans ses poches ; to put sth in a safe place mettre qch en lieu sûr ; to put sugar in one's tea mettre du sucre dans son thé ; to put more sugar in one's tea ajouter du sucre dans son thé ; to put more soap in the bathroom remettre du savon dans la salle de bains ;2 ( cause to go or undergo) to put sth through glisser qch dans [letterbox] ; passer qch par [window] ; faire passer qch à [mincer] ; to put one's head through the window passer la tête par la fenêtre ; to put one's fist through the window casser la fenêtre d'un coup de poing ; to put sth through the books Accts faire passer qch dans les frais généraux ; to put sth through a test faire passer un test à qch ; to put sth through a process faire suivre un processus à qch ; to put sb through envoyer qn à [university, college] ; faire passer qn par [suffering, ordeal] ; faire passer [qch] à qn [test] ; faire suivre [qch] à qn [course] ; after all you've put me through après tout ce que tu m'as fait subir ; to put sb through hell faire souffrir mille morts à qn ; to put one's hand/finger to porter la main/le doigt à [mouth] ;3 ( cause to be or do) mettre [person] ; to put sb in prison/on a diet mettre qn en prison/au régime ; to put sb on the train mettre qn dans le train ; to put sb in goal/in defence GB mettre qn dans les buts/en défense ; to put sb in a bad mood/in an awkward position mettre qn de mauvaise humeur/dans une situation délicate ; to put sb to work mettre qn au travail ; to put sb to mending/washing sth faire réparer/laver qch à qn ;4 (devote, invest) to put money/energy into sth investir de l'argent/son énergie dans qch ; if you put some effort into your work, you will improve si tu fais des efforts, ton travail sera meilleur ; to put a lot into s'engager à fond pour [work, project] ; sacrifier beaucoup à [marriage] ; to put a lot of effort into sth faire beaucoup d'efforts pour qch ; she puts a lot of herself into her novels il y a beaucoup d'éléments autobiographiques dans ses romans ;5 ( add) to put sth towards mettre qch pour [holiday, gift, fund] ; put it towards some new clothes dépense-le en nouveaux vêtements ; to put tax/duty on sth taxer/imposer qch ; to put a penny on income tax GB augmenter d'un pourcent l'impôt sur le revenu ;6 ( express) how would you put that in French? comment dirait-on ça en français? ; how can I put it? comment dirai-je? ; it was-how can I put it-unusual c'était-comment dire-original ; that's one way of putting it! iron on peut le dire comme ça! ; as Sartre puts it comme le dit Sartre ; to put it simply pour le dire simplement ; to put it bluntly pour parler franchement ; let me put it another way laissez-moi m'exprimer différemment ; that was very well ou nicely put c'était très bien tourné ; to put one's feelings/one's anger into words trouver les mots pour exprimer ses sentiments/sa colère ; to put sth in writing mettre qch par écrit ;7 ( offer for consideration) présenter [argument, point of view, proposal] ; to put sth to soumettre qch à [meeting, conference, board] ; to put sth to the vote mettre qch au vote ; I put it to you that Jur j'ai la présomption que ;8 (rate, rank) placer ; where would you put it on a scale of one to ten? où est-ce que tu placerais cela sur une échelle allant de un à dix? ; to put sb in the top rank of artists placer qn au premier rang des artistes ; I put a sense of humour before good looks je place le sens de l'humour avant la beauté ; I put a sense of humour first pour moi le plus important c'est le sens de l'humour ; to put children/safety first faire passer les enfants/la sécurité avant tout ; to put one's family before everything faire passer sa famille avant tout ;9 ( estimate) to put sth at évaluer qch à [sum] ; to put the value of sth at estimer la valeur de qch à [sum] ; I'd put him at about 40 je lui donnerais à peu près 40 ans ;10 Sport lancer [shot] ;C v refl ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp put) to put oneself in a strong position/in sb's place se mettre dans une position de force/à la place de qn.I didn't know where to put myself je ne savais pas où me mettre ; I wouldn't put it past him! je ne pense pas que ça le gênerait! (to do de faire) ; I wouldn't put anything past her! je la crois capable de tout! ; put it there ○ ! ( invitation to shake hands) tope là! ; to put it about a bit ◑ péj coucher à droite et à gauche ◑ ; to put one over ou across GB on sb ○ faire marcher qn ○.■ put about:▶ put [sth] about, put about [sth]1 ( spread) faire circuler [rumour, gossip, story] ; to put (it) about that faire courir le bruit que ; it is being put about that le bruit court que ;2 Naut faire virer de bord [vessel].■ put across:▶ put across [sth], put [sth] across communiquer [idea, message, concept, case, point of view] ; mettre [qch] en valeur [personality] ; to put oneself across se mettre en valeur.■ put aside:▶ put aside [sth], put [sth] aside mettre [qch] de côté [money, article, differences, divisions, mistrust].■ put away:▶ put away [sth], put [sth] away1 ( tidy away) ranger [toys, dishes] ;2 ( save) mettre [qch] de côté [money] ;▶ put away [sb] ○, put [sb] away ○1 ( in mental hospital) enfermer ; he had to be put away il a fallu l'enfermer ;2 ( in prison) boucler ○ [person] (for pour).■ put back:▶ put back [sth], put [sth] back3 retarder [clock, watch] ; remember to put your clocks back an hour n'oubliez pas de retarder votre pendule d'une heure ;4 ( delay) retarder [project, production, deliveries] (by de) ;5 ○ ( knock back) descendre ○ [drink, quantity].■ put by GB:▶ put [sth] by, put by [sth] mettre [qch] de côté [money] ; to have a bit (of money) put by avoir un peu d'argent de côté.■ put down:▶ put [sth] down, put down [sth]1 (on ground, table) poser [object, plane] (on sur) ; mettre [rat poison etc] ;2 ( suppress) réprimer [uprising, revolt, opposition] ;3 ( write down) mettre (par écrit) [date, time, name] ; put down whatever you like mets ce que tu veux ;4 ( ascribe) to put sth down to mettre qch sur le compte de [incompetence, human error etc] ; to put sth down to the fact that imputer qch au fait que ;6 Vet ( by injection) piquer ; ( by other method) abattre ; to have a dog put down faire piquer un chien ;7 (advance, deposit) to put down a deposit verser des arrhes ; to put £50 down on sth verser 50 livres d'arrhes sur qch ;8 (lay down, store) mettre [qch] en cave [wine] ; affiner [cheese] ;9 ( put on agenda) inscrire [qch] à l'ordre du jour [motion] ;▶ put [sb] down, put down [sb]2 ○ ( humiliate) rabaisser [person] ;4 (classify, count in) to put sb down as considérer qn comme [possibility, candidate, fool] ; I'd never have put you down as a Scotsman! je ne t'aurais jamais pris pour un Écossais! ; to put sb down for ( note as wanting or offering) compter [qch] pour qn [contribution] ; ( put on waiting list) inscrire qn sur la liste d'attente pour [school, club] ; put me down for a meal compte un repas pour moi ; to put sb down for £10 compter 10 livres pour qn ; to put sb down for three tickets réserver trois billets pour qn.▶ put forth [sth], put [sth] forth1 présenter [shoots, leaves, buds] ;2 fig émettre [idea, theory].■ put forward:▶ put forward [sth], put [sth] forward1 ( propose) avancer [idea, theory, name] ; soumettre [plan, proposal, suggestion] ; émettre [opinion] ;2 ( in time) avancer [meeting, date, clock] (by de ; to à) ; don't forget to put your clocks forward one hour n'oubliez pas d'avancer votre pendule d'une heure ;▶ put [sb] forward, put forward [sb] présenter la candidature de (for pour) ;▶ put sb forward as présenter qn comme [candidate] ; to put oneself forward présenter sa candidature, se présenter ; to put oneself forward as a candidate présenter sa candidature ; to put oneself forward for se présenter pour [post].■ put in:▶ put in1 [ship] faire escale (at à ; to dans ; for pour) ;2 ( apply) to put in for [person] postuler pour [job, promotion, rise] ; demander [transfer, overtime] ;▶ put in [sth], put [sth] in1 (fit, install) installer [central heating, shower, kitchen] ; to have sth put in faire installer qch ;2 ( make) faire [request, claim, offer, bid] ; to put in an application for déposer une demande de [visa, passport] ; poser sa candidature pour [job] ; to put in a protest protester ; to put in an appearance faire une apparition ;3 ( contribute) passer [time, hours, days] ; contribuer pour [sum, amount] ; they are each putting in £1 m chacun apporte une contribution d'un million de livres ; to put in a lot of time doing consacrer beaucoup de temps à faire ; to put in a good day's work avoir une bonne journée de travail ; to put in a lot of work se donner beaucoup de mal ; thank you for all the work you've put in merci pour tout le mal que tu t'es donné ;4 ( insert) mettre [paragraph, word, reference] ; to put in that mettre que ; to put in how/why expliquer comment/pourquoi ;5 ( elect) élire ; that puts the Conservatives in again les conservateurs ont donc été élus encore une fois ;▶ put [sb] in for présenter [qn] pour [exam, scholarship] ; poser la candidature de [qn] pour [promotion, job] ; recommander [qn] pour [prize, award] ; to put oneself in for poser sa candidature pour [job, promotion].■ put off:▶ put off from s'éloigner de [quay, jetty] ;▶ put off [sth], put [sth] off1 (delay, defer) remettre [qch] (à plus tard) [wedding, meeting] ; to put sth off until June/until after Christmas remettre qch à juin/à après Noël ; I should see a doctor, but I keep putting it off je devrais voir un médecin, mais je remets toujours ça à plus tard ; to put off visiting sb/doing one's homework remettre à plus tard une visite chez qn/ses devoirs ;▶ put off [sb], put [sb] off1 (fob off, postpone seeing) décommander [guest] ; dissuader [person] ; to put sb off coming with an excuse trouver une excuse pour dissuader qn de venir ; to be easily put off se décourager facilement ;2 ( repel) [appearance, smell, colour] dégoûter ; [manner, person] déconcerter ; to put sb off sth dégoûter qn de qch ; don't be put off by the colour-it tastes delicious! ne te laisse pas dégoûter par la couleur-c'est délicieux! ;3 GB ( distract) distraire ; stop trying to put me off! arrête de me distraire! ; you're putting me off my work tu me distrais de mon travail ;4 ( drop off) déposer [passenger].■ put on:▶ put on [sth], put [sth] on1 mettre [garment, hat, cream, lipstick] ;2 (switch on, operate) allumer [light, gas, radio, heating] ; mettre [record, tape, music] ; to put the kettle on mettre de l'eau à chauffer ; to put the brakes on freiner ;3 ( gain) prendre [weight, kilo] ;4 ( add) rajouter [extra duty, tax] ;5 ( produce) monter [play, exhibition] ;7 (lay on, offer) ajouter [extra train, bus service] ; proposer [meal, dish] ;8 ( put forward) avancer [clock] ;▶ put [sb] on2 ○ US faire marcher ○ [person] ;3 ( recommend) to put sb on to sth indiquer qch à qn ; who put you on to me? qui vous a envoyé à moi? ;■ put out:▶ put out1 Naut partir (from de) ; to put out to sea mettre à la mer ;2 ◑ US péj coucher avec n'importe qui ○ ;▶ put out [sth], put [sth] out2 ( extinguish) éteindre [fire, cigarette, candle, light] ;5 (make available, arrange) mettre [food, dishes, towels etc] ;6 ( sprout) déployer [shoot, bud, root] ;7 ( cause to be wrong) fausser [figure, estimate, result] ;8 ( dislocate) se démettre [shoulder, ankle] ;9 ( subcontract) confier [qch] en sous-traitance [work] (to à) ;▶ put [sb] out1 ( inconvenience) déranger ; to put oneself out se mettre en quatre ○ (to do pour faire) ; to put oneself out for sb se donner beaucoup de mal pour qn ; don't put yourself out for us ne vous dérangez pas pour nous ;2 ( annoy) contrarier ; he looked really put out il avait l'air vraiment contrarié ;3 ( evict) expulser.■ put over = put across.■ put through:▶ put [sth] through, put through [sth]1 ( implement) faire passer [reform, bill, amendment, plan, measure] ;2 Telecom ( transfer) passer [call] (to à) ; she put through a call from my husband elle m'a passé mon mari ○ ;▶ put [sb] through Telecom passer [caller] (to à) ; I'm just putting you through je vous le/la passe ; I was put through to another department on m'a passé un autre service.■ put together:▶ put [sb/sth] together, put together [sb/sth]1 ( assemble) assembler [pieces, parts] ; to put sth together again, to put sth back together reconstituer qch ; more/smarter than all the rest put together plus/plus intelligent que tous les autres réunis ;2 ( place together) mettre ensemble [animals, objects, people] ;3 ( form) former [coalition, partnership, group, team, consortium] ;4 (edit, make) constituer [file, portfolio, anthology] ; rédiger [newsletter, leaflet] ; établir [list] ; faire [film, programme, video] ;5 ( concoct) improviser [meal] ;■ put up:▶ put up2 to put up with ( tolerate) supporter [behaviour, person] ; to have a lot to put up with avoir beaucoup de choses à supporter ;▶ put up [sth] opposer [resistance] ; to put up a fight/struggle combattre ; to put up a good performance [team, competitor] bien se défendre ;▶ put [sth] up, put up [sth]1 ( raise) hisser [flag, sail] ; relever [hair] ; to put up one's hand/leg lever la main/la jambe ; put your hands up! ( in class) levez le doigt! ; put 'em up ○ ! ( to fight) bats-toi! ; ( to surrender) haut les mains! ;2 ( post up) mettre [sign, poster, notice, plaque, decorations] ; afficher [list] ; to put sth up on the wall/on the board afficher qch sur le mur/au tableau ;3 (build, erect) dresser [fence, barrier, tent] ; construire [building, memorial] ;4 (increase, raise) augmenter [rent, prices, tax] ; faire monter [temperature, pressure] ;5 ( provide) fournir [money, amount, percentage] (for pour ; to do pour faire) ;6 ( present) soumettre [proposal, argument] ; to put sth up for discussion soumettre qch à la discussion ;7 ( put in orbit) placer [qch] en orbite [satellite, probe] ;▶ put [sb] up, put up [sb]1 ( lodge) héberger ;2 ( as candidate) présenter [candidate] ; to put sb up for proposer qn comme [leader, chairman] ; proposer qn pour [promotion, position] ; to put oneself up for se proposer comme [chairman] ; se proposer pour [post] ;3 ( promote) faire passer [qn] au niveau supérieur [pupil] ; to be put up [pupil, team] monter (to dans) ;4 ( incite) to put sb up to sth/to doing pousser [qn] à/à faire ; somebody must have put her up to it quelqu'un a dû l'y pousser.■ put upon:▶ put upon [sb] abuser de [person] ; to be put upon se faire marcher sur les pieds ; to feel put upon avoir l'impression de se faire marcher sur les pieds ; I won't be put upon any more je ne me ferai plus jamais avoir ○. -
6 usefulness
Nützlichkeit, die; Brauchbarkeit, die* * *noun die Nützlichkeit* * *use·ful·ness[ˈju:sfəlnəs]n no pl Nützlichkeit f; of contribution, information also Brauchbarkeit f, Nutzen m, Wert m; (applicability) Verwendbarkeit fto outlive one's \usefulness ausgedient haben* * *['juːsfUlnIs]nNützlichkeit f; (of person, contribution also) Wert m (of discussion) Fruchtbarkeit f → academic.ru/52440/outlive">outliveSee:→ outlive* * ** * *noun, no pl.Nützlichkeit, die; Brauchbarkeit, die* * *n.Brauchbarkeit f.Nützlichkeit f.Zweckmäßigkeit f. -
7 Roberts, Richard
[br]b. 22 April 1789 Carreghova, Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire, Walesd. 11 March 1864 London, England[br]Welsh mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Institution of Civil Engineers 1838.Further ReadingThere is no full-length biography of Richard Roberts but the best account is H.W.Dickinson, 1945–7, "Richard Roberts, his life and inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25:123–37.W.H.Chaloner, 1968–9, "New light on Richard Roberts, textile engineer (1789–1864)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 41:27–44.RTS -
8 contribute
kən'tribjut1) (to give (money, help etc) along with others: Have you contributed (any money) to this charity?; I've been contributing (articles) to this paper for many years.) contribuir, aportar; escribir (para)2) ((with to) to help to cause to happen: His gambling contributed to his downfall.) contribuir a•- contributor
contribute vb contribuirtr[kən'trɪbjʊːt]2 (article, poem, etc) escribir2 (to newspaper, magazine, etc) colaborar (to, en), escribir (to, para): contribuir, aportar (dinero, bienes, etc.)contribute vi: contribuirv.• aportar v.• coadyuvar v.• contribuir v.• ofrendar v.kən'trɪbjət, -bjuːt
1.
a) \<\<money/time\>\> contribuir* con, aportar, hacer* una aportación or (esp AmL) un aporte de; \<\<suggestions/ideas\>\> aportarb) \<\<article/poem/paper\>\> escribir*
2.
via) ( play significant part)to contribute (TO something) — contribuir* (a algo)
b) ( give money) contribuir*to contribute TO something: they all contributed to his present — todos contribuyeron con dinero para su regalo
c) ( participate)d) ( Journ)[kǝn'trɪbjuːt]to contribute TO something — escribir* para algo
1.VT [+ money, ideas] contribuir, aportar (esp LAm); [+ facts, information etc] aportar; [+ help] prestar; [+ article to a newspaper] escribirshe contributed £10 to the collection — contribuyó con 10 libras a la colecta
2.VI (to charity, collection) contribuir (to a); (to newspaper) colaborar (to en); (to discussion) intervenir (to en); (=help in bringing sth about) contribuir* * *[kən'trɪbjət, -bjuːt]
1.
a) \<\<money/time\>\> contribuir* con, aportar, hacer* una aportación or (esp AmL) un aporte de; \<\<suggestions/ideas\>\> aportarb) \<\<article/poem/paper\>\> escribir*
2.
via) ( play significant part)to contribute (TO something) — contribuir* (a algo)
b) ( give money) contribuir*to contribute TO something: they all contributed to his present — todos contribuyeron con dinero para su regalo
c) ( participate)d) ( Journ)to contribute TO something — escribir* para algo
-
9 useful
adjective1) nützlich; praktisch [Werkzeug, Gerät, Auto]; brauchbar [Rat, Idee, Wörterbuch]; hilfreich [Gespräch, Rat, Idee]this is useful to know — das ist gut zu wissen
be useful to somebody — jemandem od. für jemanden nützlich sein; jemandem nützen
* * *adjective (helpful or serving a purpose well: a useful toolionary; She made herself useful by doing the washing for her mother.) nützlich* * *use·ful[ˈju:sfəl]let him mow the lawn, he likes to feel \useful lass ihn den Rasen mähen, er hat gerne das Gefühl, gebraucht zu werdendo the exercises serve any \useful purpose? sind diese Übungen für irgendetwas gut?\useful bits of information nützliche [o wertvolle] Informationento make oneself \useful sich akk nützlich machenSpanish is a very \useful language to know es ist sehr vorteilhaft, Spanisch zu könnenthat voucher could come in \useful when we go shopping wir können den Gutschein vielleicht gut gebrauchen, wenn wir einkaufen gehento prove \useful sich akk als nützlich erweisenaspirins are \useful for headaches Aspirin hilft gegen Kopfschmerzenthe TV has a \useful life of ten years die Lebensdauer des Fernsehers beträgt zehn Jahrehe's a \useful teacher/tennis player er ist ein fähiger Lehrer/versierter Tennisspielerhe's a \useful person to have if you get into trouble es ist ganz gut, ihn zu kennen, wenn man in Schwierigkeiten geräthe plays a \useful hand of bridge er spielt ziemlich gut Bridgeto be \useful with a gun/knife gut mit der Schusswaffe/dem Messer umgehen könnento be \useful with one's hands handwerklich geschickt sein* * *['juːsfUl]adj1) nützlich; person, citizen, contribution, addition wertvoll, nützlich; (= handy) tool, language praktisch, nützlich; size zweckmäßig; discussion fruchtbar; life, employment nutzbringendit is useful for him to be able to... — das ist günstig or praktisch, dass er... kann
he likes to feel useful —
thank you, you've been very useful — vielen Dank, Sie haben mir/uns etc sehr geholfen
we spent a useful week in London —
that's a useful thing to know —
the machine has reached the end of its useful life — die Maschine hat das Ende ihrer Nutzungsdauer erreicht
you may find it useful to discuss the problem with your doctor — es könnte hilfreich sein, wenn Sie das Problem mit Ihrem Arzt besprechen würden
they ought to be doing something useful with their time — sie sollten etwas Sinnvolles mit ihrer Zeit anfangen
he's quite useful with a gun/his fists — er kann ziemlich gut mit der Pistole/seinen Fäusten umgehen
* * *useful [ˈjuːsfʊl] adj (adv usefully)1. nützlich, brauchbar, (zweck)dienlich, zweckmäßig, (gut) verwendbar:a useful man ein brauchbarer Mann;useful talks nützliche Gespräche;make o.s. useful sich nützlich machenuseful current Wirkstrom m;useful efficiency Nutzleistung f;useful load Nutzlast f;useful plant Nutzpflanze f* * *adjective1) nützlich; praktisch [Werkzeug, Gerät, Auto]; brauchbar [Rat, Idee, Wörterbuch]; hilfreich [Gespräch, Rat, Idee]he is a useful person to know — es ist nützlich, ihn zu kennen
be useful to somebody — jemandem od. für jemanden nützlich sein; jemandem nützen
* * *adj.nützlich adj.sinnvoll adj. -
10 IDC
1) Общая лексика: issued for discipline check, междисциплинарная проверка2) Компьютерная техника: Internet Data Center4) Военный термин: Imperial Defence College, Interagency Defector Committee, improved data converter, indefinite delivery contract, information and direction center, inspection data card, interdepartmental committee, interdepartmental communications, item design change, item detail card5) Бухгалтерия: Intangible Drilling Cost, нематериальные затраты на бурение (intangible drilling cost)6) Музыка: Indecent Disco Children7) Сокращение: International Data Center, Insulation Displacement Connector, Центр промышленного дизайна ( Мумбай) (Industrial Design Centre), Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications (Межведомственный комитет по приобретению иностранных публикаций (США))8) Университет: Instructor Development Course9) Электроника: Insulation Displacement Connection, коннектор с врезными контактами, постоянный ток, ток звена постоянного тока10) Вычислительная техника: Internet Database Connector, Inter-Device Communication (IBM, OS/2)11) Нефть: intangible drilling and development costs, internal document comment, незапланированные затраты на бурение (intangible drilling costs)12) Иммунология: interdigitating cells13) Фирменный знак: International Data Corporation, Internet Dynamics Corporation14) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: internal design check, выдавать критерии проектирования (to issue design criteria), техническая документация выдано для контроля проекта (категория техдокументации, issued for design check)15) Сетевые технологии: Interim Domain Controller, identification code, идентификатор, идентифицирующий код16) Сахалин Р: Inter Discipline Check, issued for design check, to issue design criteria17) Сахалин А: inter-discipline check18) Расширение файла: IDA C language source code file, Integrated Database Connector, Integrated Desktop Connector, Internet Database Connector Document, Tech CORE IDC file Bitmap graphics, IDA C language source (IDA), Internet Database Connector (Microsoft)19) Нефть и газ: issue design criteria20) Фантастика Instant Death Combo21) Чат: International Discussion Club23) Единицы измерений: Imputed Days Of Contribution24) СМС: I Don't Care, I Don't Comprehend25) AMEX. Interdigital Communication -
11 idc
1) Общая лексика: issued for discipline check, междисциплинарная проверка2) Компьютерная техника: Internet Data Center4) Военный термин: Imperial Defence College, Interagency Defector Committee, improved data converter, indefinite delivery contract, information and direction center, inspection data card, interdepartmental committee, interdepartmental communications, item design change, item detail card5) Бухгалтерия: Intangible Drilling Cost, нематериальные затраты на бурение (intangible drilling cost)6) Музыка: Indecent Disco Children7) Сокращение: International Data Center, Insulation Displacement Connector, Центр промышленного дизайна ( Мумбай) (Industrial Design Centre), Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications (Межведомственный комитет по приобретению иностранных публикаций (США))8) Университет: Instructor Development Course9) Электроника: Insulation Displacement Connection, коннектор с врезными контактами, постоянный ток, ток звена постоянного тока10) Вычислительная техника: Internet Database Connector, Inter-Device Communication (IBM, OS/2)11) Нефть: intangible drilling and development costs, internal document comment, незапланированные затраты на бурение (intangible drilling costs)12) Иммунология: interdigitating cells13) Фирменный знак: International Data Corporation, Internet Dynamics Corporation14) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: internal design check, выдавать критерии проектирования (to issue design criteria), техническая документация выдано для контроля проекта (категория техдокументации, issued for design check)15) Сетевые технологии: Interim Domain Controller, identification code, идентификатор, идентифицирующий код16) Сахалин Р: Inter Discipline Check, issued for design check, to issue design criteria17) Сахалин А: inter-discipline check18) Расширение файла: IDA C language source code file, Integrated Database Connector, Integrated Desktop Connector, Internet Database Connector Document, Tech CORE IDC file Bitmap graphics, IDA C language source (IDA), Internet Database Connector (Microsoft)19) Нефть и газ: issue design criteria20) Фантастика Instant Death Combo21) Чат: International Discussion Club23) Единицы измерений: Imputed Days Of Contribution24) СМС: I Don't Care, I Don't Comprehend25) AMEX. Interdigital Communication -
12 general
1) генерал2) загальний, загальнокримінальний; універсальний; головний, генеральний•- general administration
- general administrator
- general agency
- general agent
- general agreement
- general amnesty
- general and direct election
- general and direct elections
- general appearance
- general appointment
- general armistice
- general assembly
- General Assembly
- general assignment
- general assumpsit
- general authorities
- general authority
- general average
- general average contribution
- general average statement
- general average act
- general bequest
- general cargo
- general challenge
- general charge to the jury
- general clause
- general conditions
- general consumption tax
- General Council of the Bar
- general count
- general court-martial
- general credit of witness
- general creditor
- general crime
- general criminal amnesty
- general criminal intent
- general custom
- general customs rules
- general damage
- general damages
- general debate
- general debt
- general demurrer
- general denial
- general deposit
- general deputy
- general deputy sheriff
- general deterrence
- general devise
- general director
- general disability
- general discussion
- general dissolution
- general duty
- general election
- general elections
- general emparlance
- general endorsement
- general ethical principle
- general exception
- general execution
- general finding
- general government
- general guardian
- general ice clause
- general immoral character
- general imparlance
- general instruction
- general insurance
- general insurance conditions
- general intent
- general invalidity
- general issue
- general issue at trial
- general issue plea
- general judicial power
- general jurisdiction
- general laborer
- general labourer
- general law
- general legacy
- general legal capacity
- general legislation
- general level of taxation
- general liability
- general liability insurance
- general licence
- general lien
- general malice
- general meeting
- general moral character
- general mortgage bond
- general orders
- general ordnance
- general pardon
- general participation clause
- general partner
- general partnership
- general policy
- general policy conditions
- general power
- general power of attorney
- general practice attorney
- general prevention
- general principle
- general principles of law
- General Procurator's Office
- general property
- general provision
- general proxy
- general public
- general publication
- general recommendations
- general recorder
- general regime
- general release
- general relief
- general rent
- general representation
- general retainer
- general right
- general rule
- general secretariat
- general secretary
- general security
- general statute
- general strike
- general strike clause
- general submission
- general supervision
- general tariff
- general term
- general terms
- general theory of law
- general traverse
- general treaty
- general validity
- general verdict
- general waiver
- general warrant
- general words
- general worker -
13 contribute
[kən'trɪbjuːt] 1. vi2. vtto contribute to — ( charity etc) zasilać (zasilić perf); ( magazine) pisywać do +gen, współpracować z +instr; (situation, problem) przyczyniać się (przyczynić się perf) do +gen; (discussion, conversation) brać (wziąć perf) udział w +loc
to contribute 10 pounds to — ( charity) wpłacać (wpłacić perf) or ofiarowywać (ofiarować perf) 10 funtów na +acc
to contribute an article to — pisać (napisać perf) artykuł do +gen
* * *[kən'tribjut]1) (to give (money, help etc) along with others: Have you contributed (any money) to this charity?; I've been contributing (articles) to this paper for many years.) wnosić wkład, przyczyniać się2) ((with to) to help to cause to happen: His gambling contributed to his downfall.) przyczyniać się•- contributor -
14 input
1 noun(a) (of production) input m, intrant mACCOUNTANCY input tax TVA f récupéréeinput box case f de saisie;input device périphérique m d'entrée;input form formulaire m de saisie;input grid grille f de saisie(c) (during meeting, discussion) contribution f;∎ we'd like some input from marketing before committing ourselves nous aimerions consulter le service marketing avant de nous engager -
15 input
1 noun (UNCOUNT)(a) (during meeting, discussion) contribution f;∎ we'd like some input from marketing before committing ourselves nous aimerions consulter le service marketing avant de nous engager plus avant∎ the program requires input from the user ce programme exige que l'utilisateur entre des données(c) Electricity énergie f, puissance f;∎ to reduce the voltage input to a circuit réduire la tension d'un circuitComputing (file, program) d'entrée►► Computing input device périphérique m d'entrée;Finance input tax TVA f récupérée;Electricity input transformer courant m ou transformateur m d'entrée
См. также в других словарях:
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